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1The Revolt of AsiaBOOKS BY ROBERT PAYNEPublished by John DaySUN YAT-SEN:^ Portrait (with Stephen Chen)THE WHITE PONYTHE REVOLT OF ASIAPublished by Dodd, Mead and CompanyFOREVER CHINATORRENTS OF SPRINGDAVID AND AN N ATHE ROSE TREETHE BEAR COUGHS AT THE NORTH POLETHE RETOITOF ASIAROBERT PAYNEan ASIATHE JOHN DAY COMPANY NEW YORKCOPYRIGHT, 1947, BY THE JOHN DAY COMPANYAll rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, mustnot be reproduced in any form without permission.MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICAForJAWAHARLAL NEHRUandCLEMENT ATTLEEContents1. The Rebirth of Asia I2.

The Coming o the Indonesian Republic 123. The Rise to Power 244. The Red Bull, Unchained 375.

The Indian Scene 636. Protagonists in India 767. The Rise of Congress 958. The Revolt of India 1059. New Blood 12010.

The Rulers and the Ruled 12811. The Kuomintang 15112.

The Middle of the Road 16413. The Communists 18314.

Reading and Co-operation 19615. Viet-Nam 21016. Burma and Malaya 24418. The Philippines 25919. The Earth and the Men 27420. The Revolt of Asia 285The Revolt of AsiaChapter 1The Rebirth of AsiaTHIS book is about the greatest single event in human his-tory the revolt of Asia. Long before the two gray shipssteamed into mid-Atlantic and the Four Freedoms were an-nounced, the revolt had become inevitable, as much a part of thehistoric atmosphere of our times as the invention of radio and theatomic bomb.

The main father of the revolt was a French musicianand educationalist who died 150 years ago; his Asiatic successorswere two lawyers, one born in India and the other in Sumatra,and a self-educated Chinese scholar who had been for a short whilelibrarian in Peking University. Under their impulse a billion peas-ants from the Asiatic heartlands are determined that they will neveragain suffer the humiliation of colonization, and they are hammer-ing out for themselves a way of life that is neither capitalist norcommunist, but adopts the benefits of both. The Asiatic revolt is infull tide, and its potential power and resources are incalculable.Asia is one, and from now on must be regarded as one; there areconnecting links between the new revolutionary states that give agrave unity to the whole. But the Asiatic revolution has many facetsthough almost wholly a sociological revolution, it is also a revoltagainst the Asiatic past and against the cultural and political domi-nation of the West. In this revolution economics are subordinated tosocial reorganization, nationalisms are less important than the sur-vival of the whole, the individual is submerged within the commu-nity, and the pressures of three centuries of foreign domination arefinally released. Huge powers, which once belonged to the West,have now been acquired by the Asiatics, and though we can calcu-late with fair precision many of the consequences of the revolt in thefuture, all the directions it will take are not yet known.2 The Rebirth of AsiaThe war Is not the direct cause of the revolution, but it has madethe Initial stages easier and less calamitous than they might havebeen if Western pressure had still been applied. In the short breath-ing space between the defeat of Japan and the new orientations ofWestern politics, the revolt swung into furious energy, becamecanalized.

and in many cases owed its successes to the fact that thenew governments were armed with captured Japanese guns. In thosecountries where village life has most closely approximated to demo-cratic and communalistic government, the revolt has been most suc-cessful; in the countries where feudal organizations persisted, therevolt has been temporarily held; but so widespread is the social rev-olution in its effects on the peasants that it cannot be held muchlonger. Here and there in the cities of south China and Formosa,in Korea and British Malaya forces are at work to stem the relent-less tide; they will fail, if only because the social revolution spillsover frontiers and grows most quickly among those who are leastconscious of the existence of frontiers, among peasants and farmerswhose loyalties are to their own valleys, their hearths, the streamswhere they bathe, the forests where they have gone courting, and thefields they have tilled. National boundaries can mean little in theEast where one village may speak a dialect unintelligible to the vil-lage over the river; differing national characteristics can mean littlewhen nearly all are farmers living on the same hideous level ofprimitive subsistence. Beyond the next hill may lie the end of theworld.

They are not conscious of rigid national barriers, but they areconscious that they are Asiatics who refuse any longer to be ex-ploited.To these villagers a capital may be as remote and meaningless asthe desert places marked on medieval maps with the inscription:'Here are tigers/. Unaccustomed to self-government, they will haveto be taught to rule themselves.

Illiterate, without sanitation orhealth services, they will have to learn to read, to dig latrines, and totrain nurses. How to get free energy in murder in the alps ?. These things will come, are already coming as the re-sult of the determined efforts of those who are politically conscious.There Is no lack of trained Asiatic minds. Illiteracy in the DutchEast Indies has never been less than 90 per cent, but the most suc-cessful revolt in Asia has been that of the Nationalist party in Java,led by Javanese who had often pursued rigorous studies in Dutchuniversities.

The traditions of the West have found their seed groundThe Rebirth of Asia 3in the Far East; and if the whole of the West perishes, its best ideaswill survive among the Asiatics. The Chinese revolution of 1911owed its impetus to the overseas Chinese; nearly all the leaders ofthe present revolution have been educated abroad.Six hundred years ago Europe went through a similar cataclysmicrevolt against the tyrannies of the Holy Roman Empire, but thenations that then came to birth hardened their national frontierswhile they crystallized their national languages; by attaching theutmost significance to their boundaries and cultures, they set thestage for centuries of civil war. In Asia no such process seems likelyto come into being. Their sovereignties have been more easily ac-quired and they will tend inevitably to group themselves against theWest, in the same way that the Holy Roman Empire found stabilityonly when it could encompass the whole of Europe against the Sara-cens. The world is now divided cleanly into two Asia and theWest; it is significant that Russian influence has played almost nopart in the revolts of recent years.For centuries these farmers have lived by the sweat of their brows,worshiping the village gods, without contact with the outside worldexcept when the tax collectors came or when they watched theirsons conscripted into rabble armies. There were no hospitals, or sofew that disease spread unchecked. Their education was haphazard,and they were powerless against drought or famine, powerlessagainst the inefficiency of their governments, which allowed themto starve in Bengal and central China not because there was insuffi-cient food in the world, but because distribution was faulty and thegovernments were not prepared to assume their most immediateresponsibility to the people.

In a million villages of Asia there areno houses only thatch sheds barely strong enough to shelter thevillagers from the spring rains, inadequate against monsoons. Thefarmer went to his field at dawn and returned at sunset, contentuntil recently with a fate that would strike Westerners dumb withhorror. Gradually he has come to realize that an average life ex-pectancy of twenty-seven years, as in India, and thirty, as in China,and thirty-two as in Java, is a reflection on his own moral couragehe has it in his power to raise the level of his own health and sulsistence; and if the existing colonial or feudal governments fail toraise him from his misery, he can raise himself from his misery.

Fedonly on the terrible certainties of hunger, the seasons, and remorse,4 The Rebirth of Asiahe knows that he can tame them all, even the seasons, if he sets hismind to it, and if the technological advances of the West are putto his service. He has learned from Rousseau or from some wander-ing students that his own dignity must be reinforced by govern-ment; and though he may hate the West passionately for theindignities of cheap labor and servitude that have been sometimesforced on him, he is prepared to recognize that salvation comesfrom applied science. More than anything else, during the criticalyears that lie ahead, does he need our technological assistance.The revolt is triple-pronged. The revolt against the past is also arevolt against religion, for the new values of Western science areincompatible with the worship of the gods of fertility. If fertilizersimprove his crops, there will be less need to pray for rain; fertilizers,rather than communism, are the main enemies of Oriental religion.His moral codes may remain relatively unchanged, his religiousfervors may be exchanged for a fervent worship of science, librariesmay take the place of temples, but the religions of India and Javaare so powerfully interwoven with the nature of the people that theywill not entirely disappear. Trimmed of their excesses and deprivedof their superabundant authority, they may work for good and maydo no harm. The most successful leader of any Asiatic revolt, SoetanShjarir, is a Christian who passionately distrusts the more CalvinistChristian Chiang Kai-shek.

Christianity in the East may wellcancel itself out, but it should not be forgotten that the missionariesare also partly responsible for the revolt, if only because they spokeof the brotherhood of man at a time when merchants spoke only ofprofits.In the East traditions are dying hard, but they have a habit ofreviving during times of revolution. In a single generation the oldChinese traditions of scholarship almost perished with the disap-pearance of the imperial examinations, but already great scholarslike Wen Yi-tuo have shown that scholarship deserves a place inthe government.

In the West the scholars have betrayed the causeof government, and they are no longer appointed to embassiesas they were in the time of Boccaccio and Dante. It is significantthat Soetan Shjarir, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Mao Tse-tung arescholars in their own right, with the historian's understanding ofthe political forces at work and the poet's sensitivity. Democracy,decaying in the West, is being revived in the East. If democracyThe Rebirth of Asia 5can be maintained on Its new soil, the war will not have been foughtin vain.Since the day when the first Portuguese settlers landed on Tern-ate, the strategy of conquest has continued to pay its illusory divi-dends. Only once, during the end of the first Dutch occupation ofthe Indies, was any revolutionary measure taken to free the originalinhabitants from the domination of the Western powers. This oc-curred significantly at the time of the French Revolution, when theCommittee of East Asian Affairs at The Hague wrote to Bataviaordering that the system of liberty and rights of the people be in-troduced into the Indies. The measure failed, as a result of the op-position of the Batavian authorities.

For the rest the story is one ofunparalleled exploitation. In India, in the Dutch East Indies, and toa lesser extent in China native princes and native groups have beenset against each other on the principle of divide and rule. The wheelhas turned full circle.

The Indians, watching the Japanese and Brit-ish Empires quarreling over India, could reflect at the end of thewar that the same process was at work in the opposite directionthe Western-trained civilizations had fought themselves to a stand-still, and become so weakened that Indian independence could beachieved.Yet the contribution of the West to the East should not be mini-mized. Good men went to the East in increasing numbers, when thefirst tide of colonization was over. The missionaries, when theywere scholars or doctors, the students and the professors of Asiaticcustoms, die technologists and the lawyers have left their imprint.Congress was founded by an Englishman. In Hawaii Sun Yat-senwas taught by Englishmen, and his release from captivity in Lon-don was effected by a host of English sympathizers. The ChineseCommunists owe their strength largely to a leadership trained inFrance. American colleges in China have produced some of the bestdemocratic leaders.

A strained and unconvincing marriage betweenEast and West has already been brought about, but the marriageceremonies have still to be performed.There has been an Atlantic Charter; there has been no PacificCharter. Now, when the world center of gravity is shifting from theAtlantic to the Pacific, where the greatest areas of manpower con-front the greatest areas of industrialization, nothing could be morenecessary, yet already there is so much agreement upon the princi-6 The Rebirth of Asiapies to be introduced in the Far East that an unspoken charter canbe said to exist.

The bonds connecting the democratic forces ofChina, India, and Indonesia are close; the Chinese democrats speakin the same voice, and employ the same terminology, as the In-donesians and the Indians. In the history of modern revolutionarymovements the movements that change the course of events nodate could be more important than that of the Pan-Asiatic confer-ence held in the Spring of 1947, at the invitation of JawaharlalNehru.The march of freedom during the last 150 years has reached thegates of Asia. The American Revolution of 1775, the French revolu-tions of 1792 and 1832, the German revolution of 1848, and the Rus-sian Revolution of 1917 failed to penetrate the East For the firsttime we are witnessing a revolt that includes within its scope halfthe population of the world a revolt so widespread, so fraughtwith dangers, and at the same time so hopeful for the future thatthe West must take account of it, because we are directly concerned.The implications of the revolt do not affect Asia alone. They affectpower politics already; they will affect our standards of living andour whole economy later.

It would be the greatest misunderstandingto imagine the Asiatic revolt as dependent upon the uneven balancebetween Russia and America. The pattern of the revolt includeselements of socialism and capitalism. Not socialist Great Britainonly, but the whole of Asia will provide the bridge between theRussian and American way of life.It is necessary to see clearly what forces are at work. The tempta-tion to regard all revolutionaries as agents of Moscow must be over-come. In these vast agricultural areas foreign capital becomes anecessity In order that the productivity of the land and the mineralresources should be properly exploited. Nehru, Shjarir, and MaoTse-tung have all called for foreign capital, but they are temptedto demand,.as one of the conditions of foreign investment, thatnative youth shall receive technological training abroad. The greaterthe amount of capital available for the nascent industries of the East,the greater the stability of those countries in the future and thegreater the prospects of harmony between the East and the West.Asia is becoming industrialized.

The temple is no longer the focusof city life. Flying from Kalgan to Peiping, I came down at Chi-ning on the Inner Mongolian plain. The crenelated walls of theThe Rebirth of Asia 7city, which was to be fought over by the Communist, and Kuomin-tang armies a month later, were dwarfed by the huge powerhouse,the water tower, and the fantastically large railway station. Chi-ningis hardly a city; it is a small town with a population of about twentythousand on the Japanese-built railway to Pailingrniao, but it is thepattern of all the Asiatic towns of the future. The heartlands arebeing conquered for industry, and over the whole of Asia thepowerhouse is introducing the new civilization.

We may regret itscoming, but we cannot afford to regret that the Inner Mongolianplains have been opened up and that wealth is passing from thehands of fuedal princes into the hands of skilled laborers. 'Religion,'said Lenin, 'is the opium of the people.' It was an unwise remark,for in the East the essential simplicities of worship remain, but anew element has entered the consciousness of the people a deeprespect for the resources of power.

A new vision and a new doctrineare being enunciated; in their simplest form they say that from oneend of Asia to another there will be electric light.We can neither frustrate nor delay the rebirth of Asia. Sun Yat-sen, in a moment of despair, spoke of the Chinese people as 'shift-ing sand without power of cohesion,' people so anarchic that noform of government was tolerable by them, and therefore they wereincapable of governing themselves. There was -some truth in theremark the implicit anarchism that derives from Taoism remains,and with it there goes inevitably the tight complex of the familysystem derived from Confucian tradition with its appalling toler-ance of nepotism; but the East cannot be measured by China, andit would be a mistake to believe that Chinese tolerance is always avirtue. Neither India nor China, the two most potentially powerfulnations of the East, has succeeded in their revolution so quietly asBuddhist Burma and Mohammedan Indonesia. Religion has cutacross the Indian revolt; the extremes of feudalism and a form ofcommunism have cut across the Chinese revolt.

In the Philippines,in Japan, in British Malaya, and in Korea foreign influence stilldams the normal flow of revolutionary fervor. But the main patternsare already clear, and the example of Indonesia, already closelylinked to India and Burma, will be followed by the other nationsof the Far East. I asked a Chinese scholar what he meant when hespoke of democracy in the East.

'It is electric light for the villagers,and milk for children, and better diet, and free ballot, and no8 The Rebirth of Asiamore secret prisons and torture chambers,' There is a sense inwhich the whole of the revolt in the Far East is simply for thesethings.With the war there came the last great scattering of Asiatic forces;with the peace comes a consolidation.